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The Communist Insurgency War, also known as the Second Malayan Emergency, ''(Malay: Perang Insurgensi Melawan Pengganas Komunis or Perang Insurgensi Komunis and Darurat Kedua)'' occurred in Malaysia from 1968 to 1989, involving the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and Malaysian Government security forces. Following the end of the Malayan Emergency in 1960, the predominantly ethnic Chinese Malayan National Liberation Army, the armed wing of the MCP, had retreated to the Malaysian-Thailand border where it had regrouped and retrained for future offensives against the Malaysian government. The Communist Insurgency War officially began when the MCP ambushed security forces in Kroh–Betong, in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia, on 17 June 1968. The conflict also coincided with renewed tensions between ethnic Malays and Chinese in peninsular Malaysia and the Vietnam War.〔Nazar bin Talib, pp.16–17〕 While the Malayan Communist Party received some limited support from China, this support ended when Kuala Lumpur and Beijing established diplomatic relations in June 1974.〔〔Chin Peng, p.450〕 In 1970, the MCP experienced a schism which led to the emergence of two breakaway factions: the Communist Party of Malaya–Marxist-Leninist (CPM–ML) and the Revolutionary Faction (CPM–RF).〔Chin Peng, pp.467–68〕 Despite efforts to make the MCP appeal to Malays, the organisation was predominantly dominated by ethnic Chinese throughout the duration of the Communist Insurgency War.〔 Instead of declaring a "state of emergency" as the British had done previously, the Malaysian government responded to the insurgency by introducing several policy initiatives including the Security and Development Program (KESBAN), ''Rukun Tetangga'' (Neighbourhood Watch), and the RELA Corps (People’s Volunteer Group).〔Nazar bin Talib, pp.19–20〕 The Communist Insurgency War came to an end on 2 December 1989 when the MCP signed a peace accord with the Malaysian government at Hatyai in southern Thailand. This coincided with the collapse of the Eastern Bloc Communist regimes.〔Nazar bin Talib, 21–22〕 Besides the Communist Insurgency War, another Communist insurgency also occurred in the Malaysian state of Sarawak in the island of Borneo, which had been incorporated into the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.〔 ==Background== During the first Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), the MCP launched an unsuccessful insurrection against the Federation of Malaya. The independence of the Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957 removed the major cause for the communists as the Federation has been liberated from the British. The first Malayan Emergency was revoked on 31 July 1960. During the lull period of 1960 to 1968, the MCP underwent a period of streamlining, retraining, and re-indoctrination of the communism ideology. The Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) had established a series of bases along the Malaysian-Southern Thailand border. Despite being weakened by the Commonwealth forces during the first Emergency, the MCP boasted a nucleus of between 500 to 600 well-trained guerrillas and a reserve of about 1,000 men, available for full-time service if required.〔Chin Peng, pp.434–35〕 The MCP had also reorganised its units and reconstituted itself by training new guerrilla fighters. They also developed new techniques of guerrilla warfare after observing the Vietnam War.〔A. Navaratnam, pp. 7–8〕〔Nazar Bin Talib, pp.16–17〕 The MCP also made efforts to recruit more Malays into their organisation. Despite a small number of Malay personnel, including Abdullah CD and Rashid Maidin, it remained dominated by the Chinese. A special Malay unit, known as the 10th Regiment was established under the leadership of a Central Committee member, Abdullah C.D. Abdullah also established several "Masses Revolutionary School" (Sekolah Revolusi Rakyat) to disseminate Maoist ideas among Thai Malays. Since the MCP was based in southern Thailand, most of its recruits were Thai Malays and people from Kelantan, a northeastern Malaysian state.〔〔Rashid Maidin, pp.77–78〕 To enhance the appeal of the MCP among the Malays, the Islamic Brotherhood Party (Malay: Parti Persaudaraan Islam, PAPERI) was set up as the front organisation of the MCP. PAPERI was responsible for distributing leaflets claiming that there was no incompatibility between Islam and Communism.〔 In July 1961, Chin Peng met Deng Xiaoping in China. Deng had proposed to the MCP that it conduct a second armed struggle. Deng insisted that Malaya was ripe for a revolution. The success of Vietnam War bolstered the MCP to launch another revolt in Malaya. Deng later promised Chin Peng that China would assist the MCP and contribute US$100,000 for the second insurgency in Malaya.〔Chin Peng, pp.428–30〕〔Nazar bin Talib, p.17〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Communist Insurgency War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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